THE AIR WE BREATHE
Air is essential to life. Without air, we cannot survive. We don’t often think about air, because it is invisible and always there. It is only when we suddenly have trouble breathing—for example, underwater—that we realize how important air is. Air envelops the Earth like a blanket.
The air “up there” is called the atmosphere and extends 1,000 kilometers into the sky. The higher up you go, the thinner the air becomes.
We cannot breathe the air high up in the sky, higher than ten kilometers. Up there, the air contains too little oxygen.
High-flying bird
Did you know that a vulture in Africa collided with an airplane 12 km up in the air? It really makes you wonder how it could fly that high without oxygen!
Air consists of gases
The air consists of several invisible gases. One of these gases is oxygen, which we humans breathe. The air also contains carbon dioxide and nitrogen—the substances that plants use for food.
Even though air is invisible, it actually weighs something. The weight of the air presses down on the Earth just as your blanket presses down on your body. That pressure is called atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is sometimes high and sometimes low. You may have heard this mentioned when they report the weather on TV.
Uppgift: håll andan
To show how important air is to us, let's do a test. Try to hold your breath for 20 seconds:
1. Take a deep breath; breathe in as much air as you can.
2. Holdyour breath.
3. If your watch doesn't have a second hand, count silently in your head: one thousand and one, one thousand and two, one thousand and three, and so on, until you reach one thousand and twenty!
Uppgift: blås ditt namn
Blås bokstäverna i ditt namn. Det är lätt!
När du har tränat på blåstekniken, be din kompis blunda och sträcka ut sin arm. Blås ett ord på din kompis arm, en bokstav i taget.
Kunde din kompis gissa vilket ord du blåste?
How does the air you breathe out feel?
If you breathe on a window, what happens?
The sun creates winds
Air can be both warm and cold. Warm summer air feels pleasant against the skin. Warm air is also denser than cold air and takes up more space. Cold air, on the other hand, makes us shiver; it can feel as if it’s nipping at our cheeks. If you cool air down, it eventually becomes liquid, like water, or solid, like ice. When the sun warms the air, it rises.
High up in the sky, the air cools down and then sinks back toward the ground. Down on the ground, the air is warmed by the sun again and rises. That is how winds are formed.
They ride the air
Seeds and insects that don’t weigh much can ride air currents all around the world. Seeds can fly across oceans to small islands far away. Pollen grains from flowers and trees have a rough surface, which allows the wind to catch them and carry them around. Anyone who is allergic to pollen knows this all too well.
Small spiders can also fly through the air. The wind catches a thread that the spider has spun from its body. Some birds and insects spend almost their entire lives in the air. That is where they catch their food, mate, fight, and sleep.
Humans, too, can fly with the help of air—for example, in hot-air balloons. Since warm air rises toward the sky, you can make the balloon rise by heating the air inside it.
Uppgift: gör en drake
You'll need:
- Två blompinnar, en 30 cm lång, en 40 cm lång.
- Två snören, ett 50 cm långt, ett 20 meter långt.
- En uppklippt plastpåse.
- Stark tejp.
- En sax.
- En kniv.
- En borr.
- En ring av metall/plast.
Here's how to do it:
1. Borra hål i pinnarnas ändar eller gör en skåra.
2. Lägg pinnarna i kors, bind fast dem i mitten och gör en ögla.
3. Trä snöret genom pinnhålen/skårorna och bilda en ram.
4. Knyt fast snöret och gör en ögla vid drakens topp.
5. Lägg ramen på plastpåsen, vik flikarna över ramen och tejpa fast. Klipp hörnena korsar varandra.
6. Knyt fast ett snöre (50 cm) i öglan på toppen, och ett (20 m) i öglan i mitten.
7. Knyt fast ringen på det kortare snöret, trä igenom det längre snöret.
8. Knyt plastrester på ett snöre, fäst dem som en svans på draken.
Håll draken i motvind. Släpp på snöret när vinden tar tag i draken och den börjar lyfta.
Eller lägg den på marken och spring fort i motvind!
The Atmosphere
The atmosphere acts as an invisible shield around the Earth. Without it, no one could live here. The atmosphere keeps the air close to us so we can breathe, while also allowing the sun’s heat to reach us. The atmosphere also regulates the Earth’s temperature. If it’s too hot, it releases some heat. If it’s too cold, it lets in more heat.
The Ozone Layer
The layer in the atmosphere that protects us from the sun’s harmful rays is called the ozone layer. The sun is essential for life. It is the sun’s heat that allows us to live here. But some of the sun’s rays are too strong for us. They are called UV rays.
The ozone layer protects us by letting heat through but reflecting UV rays back into space. We humans have released too much freon, which has risen into the atmosphere. Freon affects the ozone layer, allowing dangerous UV rays to damage our planet. Ask your teacher to explain how freon affects the ozone layer.
Freon is a molecule that, in excessive amounts, affects the ozone layer. There is now strong evidence that the ozone layer is no longer thinning and that it is on the path to recovery, thanks to international agreements to phase out ozone-depleting substances.
The Greenhouse Effect
Our vehicles and factories emit exhaust gases that contain carbon dioxide, among other things. Plants act as heroes and convert carbon dioxide into oxygen that we can breathe. However, they cannot convert an unlimited amount of carbon dioxide.
When there are too many cars and factories emitting carbon dioxide, plants cannot keep up with converting all of it. Eventually, there is so much carbon dioxide in the air that it forms an invisible ceiling over the Earth.
The carbon dioxide blanket prevents the atmosphere from releasing enough heat into space. That is why it is getting warmer, and this is what is known as the greenhouse effect.
It works kind of like when you're out walking in the rain. You're wearing a rain jacket, so you're happy because you won't get wet. Suddenly, it stops raining and the sun comes out. Eventually, it gets too hot and you want to take off your rain jacket. But now you can't get the zipper open!
The sun is shining, and you start to sweat under your thick rain jacket. That’s exactly how it feels for the Earth when the “carbon dioxide blanket” traps the heat. The Earth becomes like a greenhouse. If it gets too hot on Earth, the ice melts. When the ice melts, sea levels rise. And when sea levels rise, there’s flooding on land.
In countries where it is already dry and hot, warmer weather could mean that people will no longer be able to live there. It will simply become too difficult for them to grow food and find water to drink.
Sour as a lemon
When we burn oil and gas, a substance called sulfur is produced. Sulfur makes the rain acidic. Have you ever tasted a lemon?
A little lemon in your food tastes good, but if you had to eat 10 lemons, you wouldn't feel well. Sulfuric rain makes the soil and lakes acidic. Both plants and animals suffer as a result.
pH-värdet visar om vattnet är surt eller basiskt. Fiskar och andra djur i vattnet mår bäst när pH-värdet ligger mellan 6 och 8. Om vattnet blir för surt kan plankton, fiskägg och fiskar få svårt att överleva. Därför är rätt pH-värde viktigt för livet i sjöar och vattendrag.
The wind blows wherever it pleases
The air has no borders like countries do. The air can travel wherever it wants, from one country to another. It spreads not only pollen, seeds, and small insects, but also exhaust fumes from industries and cars. That is why all countries must be kind to the environment, because we all breathe the same air.
Tips: så här kan du skydda och hjälpa naturen!
- 1. Instead of asking your parents to drive you, maybe you could ride your bike, take the bus, or take the train.
- 2. Find out if you can carpool to school or various after-school activities with someone else, instead of everyone driving in their own car.
- 3. Remind your parents—if they have a car—to stick to the speed limits. That way, the car will emit fewer exhaust fumes.
- 4. When you go grocery shopping with your parents, ask them to choose an organic food item—preferably one that’s locally grown.
5. Turn off the lights in rooms where no one is present.
